How Long Was Rapunzel's Hair

German fairy tale

Rapunzel
Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 E German stamp
Folk tale
Name	Rapunzel
Aarne–Thompson group	ATU 310 (The Maiden in the Tower)
Mythology	European
Published in	Grimms' Fairy Tales

"Rapunzel" ( rə-PUN-zəl, German: [ʁaˈpʊntsl̩] ( mind )) is a German fairy tale recorded by the Brothers Grimm and showtime published in 1812 equally part of Children'due south and Household Tales (KHM 12). The Brothers Grimm's story developed from the French literary fairy tale of Persinette by Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Strength (1698).^{[1] [2]}

The tale is classified as Aarne–Thompson blazon 310 ("The Maiden in The Belfry").^[three] Its plot has been used and parodied in diverse media. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".

Plot [edit]

Illustration past Paul Hey, created around 1910

A lone couple, who long for a child, live next to a large, extensive, loftier-walled subsistence garden, belonging to a sorceress.^[a] The wife, experiencing pregnancy cravings, longs for the rapunzel that she sees growing in the garden (rapunzel is either the salad green and root vegetable Campanula rapunculus, or the salad green Valerianella locusta).^[4] She refuses to swallow anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night he breaks into the garden to go some for her. When he returns, she makes a salad out of information technology and eats it, but she longs for more and then her husband returns to the garden to retrieve some more. As he scales the wall to return home, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. He begs for mercy and she agrees to be lenient, assuasive him to accept all the rapunzel he wants on condition that the babe exist given to her when it's born.^[b] Drastic, he agrees.

When the wife has a babe girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the constitute her mother craved (in 1 version, her parents moves away before her nascence in an effort to avoid surrendering her, only for the sorceress to turn upwards at their door upon her birth, unhampered by their attempt at relocation). She grows up to be a beautiful child with long golden pilus.^[c] When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up in a tower in the eye of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only ane room and ane window.^[d] In guild to visit her, the sorceress stands at the bottom of the tower and calls out:

Rapunzel!

Rapunzel!

Let down your hair

That I may climb thy aureate stair! ^[e]

1 day, a prince rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the belfry, but is unable to enter information technology. He returns oftentimes, listening to her beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit her as usual and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, he bids Rapunzel let her pilus down. When she does so, he climbs up and they fall in love. He eventually asks her to marry him, which she agrees to.

Together they plan a means of escape, wherein he will come each night (thus avoiding the sorceress who visits her by day) and bring Rapunzel a piece of silk that she volition gradually weave into a ladder. Before the plan tin come up to fruition, however, she has sexual intercourse with him. In the first edition (1812) of Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales, most commonly known in English as Grimms' Fairy Tales), she innocently says that her dress is growing tight around her waist, hinting at pregnancy.^[x] In later editions, she asks "Matriarch Gothel",^[f] in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw upwards the prince than her.^[12] In anger, the sorceress cuts off her hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.

When the prince calls that nighttime, the sorceress lets the severed pilus down to booty him upwardly. To his horror, he finds himself coming together her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. After she tells him in a rage that he will never run into Rapunzel again, he leaps or falls from the tower and lands in a thorn bush. Although information technology breaks his fall and saves his life, it scratches his eyes and blinds him.

For years, he wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel now lives with the twins to whom she has given nativity, a boy and girl. One day, equally she sings, he hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, her tears immediately restore his sight. He leads her and their twins to his kingdom where they live happily e'er after.^[m]

Another version of the story ends with the revelation that the sorceress had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far beneath, leaving her trapped in the tower.^[fourteen]

Origin and development [edit]

Mythological and religious inspiration [edit]

Some researchers take proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the "Maiden in the Tower" classic is to the pre-Christian European (or proto-Indo-European) sun or dawn goddess myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.^{[15] [sixteen]} Similar myths include that of the Baltic solar goddess, Saulė, who is held captive in a tower by a male monarch.^[17] Inspiration may also be taken from the classical myth of the hero Perseus; Perseus' mother, the Princess Danaë, was bars to a bronze belfry by her-own father, Acrisius, the Male monarch of Argos, in an attempt to foreclose her from becoming pregnant, as information technology was foretold past the Oracle of Delphi that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.

Inspiration may come from Ethniu, daughter of Balor, in Irish myth.

Inspiration may come from the life of Saint Barbara of Nicomedia, who was a beautiful woman who was confined to a belfry past her begetter to hide her abroad from suitors.^[18] While in the belfry, she converted to Christianity and is ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.^{[18] [19]} Her story was included in The Book of the City of Ladies, completed by 1405 by Christine de Pizan in vernacular French, which may take been highly influential on later writers, as information technology was pop throughout Europe.^[xix]

Literary development [edit]

The earliest surviving reference to a female person character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the epic poem Shahnameh by Ferdowsi.^[19] The heroine of the story, Rudāba, offers her hair and then that her love interest Zāl may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope and then that she will not hurt herself.^[nineteen]

The offset written record of a story that may be recognized as Rapunzel is Giambattista Basile's Petrosinella, translating to parsley, which was published in Naples in the local dialect in 1634 in a drove entitled Lo cunto de li cunti (The Story of Stories).^[two] This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken past the villain as a child rather than a babe, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to exist reunited in the end.^[two] Virtually chiefly, this version of the story contains a "flight" scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the belfry.^[20] This "flying" scene, with iii magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the Mediterranean region, notably Sicily (Angiola), Malta (Little Parsley and Little Fennel), and Hellenic republic (Anthousa the Off-white with Aureate Pilus).^[20]

In 1697, Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Forcefulness published a variation of the story, Persinette, while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of Louis Xiv.^{[xix] [21]} Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early conteuses as a contemporary to Charles Perrault.^[19] This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later on versions past the Grimm Brothers.^[20] It is the start version to include the maiden's out of union pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince'due south blinding, the nascence of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with the antagonist taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.^[nineteen] While de la Force's claim that Persinette was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.^[21]

Persinette was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in Kleine Romane (Piddling Novels). Schulz'south translation changed the constitute and the maiden'southward proper name to Rapunzel. ^[22] Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm included the story in their first (1812) and 7th (1857) edition publications of Children'due south and Household Tales and removed elements that they believed were added to the "original" German language fairy tale.^[20] Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the "Maiden in the Tower" in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to take connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.^[20] Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince'due south visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version, it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.^[21] It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audition.^[21]

Distribution [edit]

According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, past analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croation and one from Corsica.^[23]

Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".^[24] Still, scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Fundamental and South Europe, and in the Middle East.^[25] In the same vein, Stith Thompson argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.^[26]

Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from The Arabian Nights compilation.^[27]

Themes and characterization [edit]

Many scholars have interpreted "Maiden in the Tower" stories, which Rapunzel is a office of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.^[20] Scholars have drawn comparisons of the solitude of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women'due south lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.^[2]

Scholars accept also noted the potent theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions later on Persinette and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.^[28]

The seemingly unfair bargain that the married man makes with the sorceress in the opening of Rapunzel is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in Jack and the Beanstalk when Jack trades a cow for beans or in Beauty and the Creature when Dazzler comes to the Beast in return for a rose.^[29] Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as unsafe to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable since the husband would accept perceived his deportment as saving his married woman at the toll of his child.^[28] Family unit members would often become to great lengths to secure such cravings and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a demand for vitamins.^{[xxx] [31]}

The "Maiden in the Tower" archetype has fatigued comparisons to a possible lost matriarchal myth continued to the sacred union betwixt the prince and the maiden and the rivalry betwixt the maiden, representing life and spring, and the crone, representing death and winter.^[19]

Cultural legacy [edit]

Literary media [edit]

Andrew Lang included the story in his 1890 publication The Red Fairy Book.^[32] Other versions of the tale also appear in A Volume of Witches (1965) by Ruth Manning-Sanders and in Paul O. Zelinsky'due south Caldecott Medal-winning picture book, Rapunzel (1997).

Anne Sexton wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection Transformations (1971), a volume in which she re-envisions xvi of the Grimm's Fairy tales.^[33]

Donna Jo Napoli wrote a critically acclaimed YA novel entitled Zel (1996), retelling the Rapunzel story from three perspectives: the maiden, her mother, and the prince. ^[34]

Cress is the tertiary book in the Lunar Chronicles, a immature adult science fiction series written by Marissa Meyer that is an adaptation of Rapunzel. Crescent, nicknamed "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in dear with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella. The Lunar Chronicles is a tetralogy with a futuristic have on classic fairy tales that also includes characters such as "Cinder" (Cinderella), "Scarlet" (Red Riding Hood) and "Winter" (Snow White).

Kate Forsyth has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of Mademoiselle de la Force entitled, Bitter Greens, and her second book was nonfiction describing the development of the tale entitled, The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower. ^[19] She described it every bit "a story that reverberates very strongly with whatever individual -- male or female, kid or adult -- who has found themselves trapped by their circumstances, whether this is caused by the will of another or their own inability to change and grow".

In Nikita Gill'due south 2018 poetry drove Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including Rapunzel's Notation Left for Mother Gothel and Rapunzel, Rapunzel.^[35]

In 2019, Simon Hood published a contemporary retelling of Rapunzel.^[36] Both the language and the illustrations modernised the story, while the plot itself remained close to traditional versions.

In 2022, Mary McMyne published a standalone adult historical fantasy novel The Book of Gothel, which speculates that the witch's character was inspired by the life of a medieval midwife named Haelewise, girl-of-Hedda, who lived in 12th century Germania. The novel is a revisionist backstory for Rapunzel that also connects to elements of Snow White, Red Riding Hood, and other tales. ^[37]

Film media [edit]

• The Story of Rapunzel (1951), a stop-motion animated short directed by Ray Harryhausen.
• A live action version was filmed for television as part of Shelley Duvall's series Faerie Tale Theatre, ambulation on Kickoff. It aired on 5 February 1983. In information technology, the main character, Rapunzel is taken from her parents by an evil witch, and is brought upwardly in an isolated tower that can only be accessed by climbing her unnaturally long hair. Jeff Bridges played the prince and Rapunzel's father, Shelley Duvall played Rapunzel and her mother, Gena Rowlands played the witch, and Roddy McDowall narrated.
• A 1988 German motion-picture show adaption, Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen [de] (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale Maid Maleen. Afterward escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds piece of work as a kitchen maid in the prince'due south court, where she must argue with an evil princess who aims to ally him.
• A 1990 straight-to-video blithe film adaption by Hanna-Barbera and Hallmark Cards, simply titled Rapunzel ^[38] featured Olivia Newton-John narrating the story. The major difference between it and the Grimm fairy tale is that instead of making the prince blind, the evil witch transforms him into a bird, possibly a reference to The Blue Bird, a French variant of the story.
• Into the Woods is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the chief characters; it was also filmed for television^[39] in 1991 by American Playhouse. The story depicts Rapunzel equally the adoptive daughter of the Witch that the Baker (Rapunzel's older brother, unbeknownst to him) is getting some items from who is afterward rescued by a prince. In the second one-half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Behemothic'due south Married woman. The Witch then grieves for her and sings, "Witch'due south Lament."
• A moving-picture show adaptation by The Walt Disney Visitor was released late in 2014^[40] where Rapunzel is portrayed by Mackenzie Mauzy. The difference from the play is that Rapunzel is not killed by the Giant's Married woman. Instead, she rides off into the woods with her prince in gild to distance herself from the Witch who raised her.
• In Barbie equally Rapunzel (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by Anjelica Huston) and she acted as a retainer for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, simply Gothel locks her away in a belfry.
• In Shrek the Third (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by Maya Rudolph) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true honey of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her grouping when they endeavor to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
• Walt Disney Animation Studios' Tangled (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. Princess Rapunzel (voiced past Mandy Moore) is more believing in character, and was born a princess. Her long blonde pilus has magical healing and restoration powers. A adult female named Mother Gothel (voiced by Donna Murphy) kidnaps Rapunzel for her magical hair which would help maintain her youth. Rather than a prince, Rapunzel encounters an elusive thief named Flynn Passenger/Eugene Fitzherbert (voiced past Zachary Levi).^[41] Rapunzel besides features in Disney's Tangled curt sequel, Tangled E'er After. There is also a series based on the events after the film and before the short named Tangled The Series/ Rapunzel's Tangled Take a chance and a movie which leads to the serial chosen Tangled: Before E'er After.
• Walt Disney Pictures hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live action Rapunzel pic. Information technology is unknown if the motion-picture show will be a remake of Tangled, a whole new accommodation, or a combination of both.^[42]

Television media [edit]

Live action television media [edit]

Shirley Temple'southward Storybook (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.^[43] Carol Lynley played Rapunzel and Agnes Moorehead played the evil witch.^[43]

Sesame Street (1969–nowadays) has a "News Flash" skit with Kermit the Frog where he interviews the Prince trying to amuse Rapunzel with the famous line. Still, she is having a hard fourth dimension hearing him and when she finally does understand him, she lets all her hair fall down (completely off her head), leaving the Prince confused every bit to what to do at present.

In the American fairy tale miniseries, The 10th Kingdom (2000), the principal graphic symbol, Virginia Lewis is cursed past a Gypsy witch. Every bit a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked abroad by the Huntsman in a tower.^[44] Her simply means of escape is by letting her hair down through the window of the tower so that the Wolf can climb up and rescue her. Not before he asks the iconic phrase, in his own way, "Love of my life, let downwardly your lustrous locks!". The character, Rapunzel is also mentioned as existence one of the great women who changed history, and she was Queen of the sixth Kingdom before eventually succumbing to old historic period.

Rapunzel appears in the Once Upon a Time episode The Tower (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.^[45] In this show, Rapunzel is a young woman who becomes trapped in a big belfry for many years after she searched for a plant chosen "night-root" that would remove her fearfulness of becoming queen following her brother'due south death. Because of this, she has extremely long hair. It is revealed that consuming the substance created a doppelgänger fear spirit who represents all of the person'south worst fears. After Prince Charming begins to fear that he will non make a good begetter to his and Snow White's infant, Robin Hood tells him where to observe the night-root. He then climbs the belfry and eventually helps Rapunzel face up her fears past facing what truly scares her, which is herself. Presented with her own doppelganger, she is encouraged past Prince Charming and cuts off her hair, killing the figure and assuasive her freedom. She explains to Prince Charming that her brother died trying to save her, and she doubts that her parents will forgive her. Again encouraged by Prince Charming, she returns her to their palace where she reunites with her accepting parents.

A 2d iteration of Rapunzel appears every bit one of the primary antagonists in the 7th season of One time Upon a Time (Season vii, 2018), portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner in flashbacks.^[46] In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to Cinderella. In the by, Rapunzel had ii daughters, Anastasia and Drizella, and made a bargain with Mother Gothel to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family unit. Half dozen years subsequently, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At some signal, Anastasia dies and Rapunzel blames her hubby for the incident while Ella blames herself. Gothel plans to put Anastasia in the tower, simply Rapunzel managed to plow the tables and lock Gothel in instead. Rapunzel plots to revive Anastasia past using the middle of Drizella, whom she favors least of the two daughters. Drizella discovers this and decides to get revenge on her mother past casting the "Nighttime Curse". She allies with Female parent Gothel and sends the New Enchanted Forest residents to Hyperion Heights in Seattle. Rapunzel awakens from the curse, just lives as Victoria Belfrey and is given new memories making her believe she cast the expletive to save Anastasia, while Drizella lives as Ivy Belfrey, her assistant and daughter. Cinderella and her daughter are also brought over by the curse. Rapunzel/Victoria manages to lock Gothel away in Belfrey Towers.

Animated boob tube media [edit]

Animated series presented by Pat Morita Britannica'due south Tales Around the World (1990-91), features three variations of the story.

The American telly animated anthology series, Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full African-American cast and set in New Orleans.^[47] The episode starred Tisha Campbell-Martin equally Rapunzel, Whoopi Goldberg as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, Meshach Taylor as the Woodcutter, Hazelle Goodman as the Woodcutter'south Wife, Donald Fullilove as Friend #ane, and Tico Wells equally Friend #2.^[47]

Episode Rapunzel from Wolves, Witches and Giants (1995-99), flavor 1 episode 8.

German animated series Simsala Grimm (1999-2010), flavour one episode 8.

The music video of Mary (2004) by the Scissor Sisters features a spoof of the fairy tale animated by Don Bluth.

In the Mattel cartoon Ever Afterward High (2013–2017), features Rapunzel'due south has 2 daughters: Holly O'Hair and Poppy O'Hair.^[48]

Tangled: The Series (2017–2020) is a 2D blithe Goggle box show based on Disney Animation'due south reckoner animated musical feature film Tangled. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of Rapunzel and Eugene Fitzherbert.^[49] A new main grapheme named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel'southward feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel'southward biological daughter. The series has a feature-length motion picture titled Tangled: Earlier Ever After released in 2017.^[50]

In ane episode of Happy Tree Friends (1999–2016) entitled Dunce Upon a Time, Petunia has very long hair that Giggles uses to slide downwardly on as a cursory Rapunzel reference.

The Japanese anime series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1987–1989) features the tale in its 2d season.^[51] It gives more spotlight to Rapunzel's parents, who are the local blacksmith and his wife, and it makes the witch more openly villainous.

Meet also [edit]

• Ethniu, daughter of Balor
• Rapunzel syndrome
• Danaë, daughter of Male monarch Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was shut up in a bronze tower or cave.
• Puddocky
• Maid Maleen

Notes [edit]

1. ^ In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his Kleine Romane (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the possessor of the garden is a fairy (Fee), and too appears as such in the Grimms' commencement edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen (1812); by the concluding edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more than Teutonic "sorceress" (Zauberin), just as they had inverse the original "prince" (Prinz) to the Germanic "son of a rex" (Königssohn). At no indicate, however, exercise they refer to her equally a "witch" (German: Hexe), despite the common modern impression.
2. ^ In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling course, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim information technology.^[five]
3. ^ In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" (German language: kostbaren Wasser). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long (112 i/2 feet or 34.29 meters), just not at all uncomfortable for her to vesture;^[six] in the Grimms, information technology hangs 20 ells (75 feet/22.86 meters) from the window-claw to the ground.^[seven]
4. ^ In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;^[viii] the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced past Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more than threatening figure.
5. ^ Schulz, "Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann." ("Rapunzel, allow down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");^[9] Grimms, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").^[7] Jacob Grimm believed that the stiff alliteration of the rhyme indicated that information technology was a survival of the ancient grade of Germanic verse known every bit Stabreim.
6. ^ High german: Frau Gothel. Rapunzel refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title simply at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of Frau in early on mod German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any adult female as in modern High german. Gothel (or Göthel, Göthle, Göthe, etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational ane meaning "midwife, wet nurse, foster mother, godparent".^[eleven] The Grimms' employ of this archaic term was another example of their try to return the story to a primitive Teutonic form.
7. ^ In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family unit to his father'southward palace in her flying carriage.^[13]

References [edit]

1. ^ Zipes, Jack (1991). Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture . Viking. pp. 794. ISBN0670830534.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Warner, Marina (2010). "After Rapunzel". Marvels & Tales. 24 (2): 329–335. JSTOR 41388959.
3. ^ Ashliman, D. L. (2019). "Rapunzel". Academy of Pittsburgh.
4. ^ Rinkes, Kathleen J. (17 April 2001). "Translating Rapunzel; A very Long Process". Department of German: Academy of California Berkeley. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
5. ^ Cf. the Grimms' annotations to Rapunzel (Kinder- und Hausmärchen (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)
6. ^ Kleine Romane, p. 277.
7. ^ ^{a b} Kinder- und Hausmärchen (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.
8. ^ Kleine Romane, p. 275.
9. ^ Kleine Romane, p. 278.
10. ^ This detail is also found in Schulz, Kleine Romane, p. 281.
11. ^ Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe, Vol. II, p. 150.
12. ^ Maria Tatar (1987) The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, Princeton University Press, p. 18, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
13. ^ Kleine Romane, pp. 287-288.
14. ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) Household Tales (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "Rapunzel"
15. ^ Storl, Wolf D. (2016). A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Backdrop, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes. Berkeley, CA: N Atlantic Books. p. 360. ISBN9781623170394.
16. ^ Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija. Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. ISBN9986163897.
17. ^ Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. nineteen. ISBN 9986-16-389-vii.
18. ^ ^{a b} Young, Jonathan (30 November 1997). "A Twenty-four hours to Honor Saint Barbara". The Center for Story and Symbol . Retrieved vi April 2013.
19. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Forsyth, Kate (2016). The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower. FableCroft Publishing. ISBN978-0-9925534-9-4.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Getty, Laura J (1997). "Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale". Mosaic: A Periodical for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 30 (two): 37–52. JSTOR 44029886.
21. ^ ^{a b c d} Tatar, Maria (1987). The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 18, xix, 45. ISBN0-691-06722-8.
22. ^ Loo, Oliver (2015). Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. i–66. ISBN978-1507639566.
23. ^ Megas, Geōrgios A. Folktales of Hellenic republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.
24. ^ Zipes, Jack. Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. ISBN 9781135511685.
25. ^ Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.
26. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. Academy of California Printing. p. 102. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
27. ^ Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. ISBN 1-85109-640-Ten (eastward-book)
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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rapunzel.

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

• The complete set of Grimms' Fairy Tales, including Rapunzel at Standard Ebooks
• D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website. The nomenclature is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography, (Helsinki, 1961).
• Translated comparing of 1812 and 1857 versions
• The Original 1812 Grimm A web site for the Original 1812 Kinder und Hausmärchen featuring references and other useful data related to the 1812 book in English.

How Long Was Rapunzel's Hair,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel

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